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Discovered accidentally over a century ago, the phenomenon of superconductivity inspired a technological revolution. In 1911, while studying the behavior of solid mercury supercooled to 4 K (-269 °C), Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853-1926) observed for the first time that certain materials conduct electricity without resistance or losses at temperatures in the vicinity of absolute zero. Interest revived in the 1980s when superconductivity was experimentally observed at much higher [...]

Coesite is a polymorph of silica that only forms under extremely high pressure -- 10,000 times more on average than normal atmospheric pressure. The presence of this rock at a site indicates either that material has pushed up through Earth's crust from the mantle (a silicate rocky shell between the crust and the core with an average thickness of 2,886 km and depths ranging from 30 km to almost 3,000 km below the crust) or that a celestial body (a comet, meteor or meteorite) fell there. Coesite [...]

In coming decades, the rise in global temperatures due to climate change may hinder the production of wheat in many temperate regions where the crop is grown today. The raw material for bread, one of the world's most consumed foods, may become scarce and more expensive as a result.Cassava flour could partially replace wheat flour in bread, particularly in Africa and Latin America, but its baking properties are poor compared with those of wheat flour, according to experts. Limitation - Years - [...]

Is glass a solid or a liquid? This question, which has been vigorously debated by specialists in the field for some decades, has just been answered anew: "Glass is a non-equilibrium, non-crystalline state of matter that appears solid on a short timescale but continuously relaxes toward the liquid state."A more elaborate alternative definition is this: "Glass is a non-equilibrium, non-crystalline condensed state of matter that exhibits a glass transition. The structure of glasses is similar to [...]

Computer-aided engineering (CAE) systems help manufacturers to design parts with the ideal topology (inner and outer shape and structure) to withstand the conditions under which they will operate, such as specific temperature and pressure conditions, vibrations, and various stresses and strains, and to produce them with as little raw material as possible. In sum, CAE enables industrial design software to optimize part topology. By deploying topology optimization software, manufacturers [...]

Airborne measurements made as part of the Green Ocean Amazon experiment (GOAmazon) show that the Amazon rainforest emits at least three times more isoprene than scientists had previously thought. The research findings were published in Nature Communications. According to Paulo Artaxo at the University of São Paulo's Physics Institute (IF-USP) in Brazil and a co-author of the study, isoprene is one of the main precursors of ozone in the Amazon, and it indirectly influences the balance of [...]