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Electric eel with a 860-VOLT shock has the highest charge of any animal on earth (372 notícias)

Publicado em 10 de setembro de 2019

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A newly found species of electrical eel produces an 860 volt shock, the very best cost of any recognized animal on the planet.

The creature is one among two additional species of the fish recognized by scientists, who examined 107 specimens from throughout the Amazon rainforest.  

The newly found eel delivers a zap greater than 200 volts greater than ever beforehand recorded, however is unlikely to kill a human, in accordance with consultants.

It was beforehand believed there was only one kind of electrical eel. 

The one species already recognized to science was the Electrophorus electricus, which Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus recorded in 1766. 

However researchers have now discovered proof so as to add two new species to the genus: E. varii and E. voltai, the latter of which is the eel that produces the 860-volt shock. 

Electrophorus voltai (pictured), one of many two newly found electrical eel species, produces an 860 volt shock, the very best cost of any recognized animal on the planet

Eels use their electrical shock each to guard themselves and for looking. 

The brand new research, printed within the journal Nature Communications, not solely gives new information concerning the animal greater than 250 years after it was first described but in addition opens avenues of analysis into the origin and manufacturing of sturdy electrical discharges in different fish species.

Electrical eels are naked-back knifefishes, referred to as Gymnotidae, and are extra carefully associated to catfish and carp than to different eel households. 

Gymnotiformes, the knifefish household to which Gymnotidae belong, are native to Mexico and South America and are discovered nearly completely in freshwater habitats.

They’re principally nocturnal and all are able to producing a weak electrical discipline for communication and navigation and most have very small eyes.

Examine writer Dr Carlos David de Santana, an affiliate researcher on the US Nationwide Museum of Pure Historical past (NMNH), mentioned: ‘The electrical eel, which might attain 2.5 metres in size, is the one fish that produces such a powerful discharge; it makes use of three electrical organs.

‘The shock is used for defence and predation.’

The lengthy recognised Electrophorus electricus (pictured) was described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus again in 1766

The third species, Electrophorus varii (pictured), named after the late Smithsonian ichthyologist Richard Vari, swims by means of murky, slow-flowing lowland waters

After learning the animals’ DNA, our bodies and environments, and measuring the facility of the shocks, the researchers determined the previously single species wanted to be reclassified into three.

Professor Naércio Menezes, from the College of Sao Paulo in Brazil, mentioned: ‘We used voltage as the important thing differentiation criterion.

‘This has by no means been carried out earlier than to determine a brand new species.’

Throughout discipline measurements utilizing a voltmeter, he mentioned the analysis workforce recorded a discharge of 860 volts, the very best present in any animal, from a specimen of E. voltai.

The strongest shock beforehand recorded was 650 volts.

The title of the species pays homage to Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, who invented the electrical battery in 1799, basing its design on the electrical eel.

E. varii is known as after zoologist Richard P. Vari, an American researcher who died in 2016.

Dr Santana added: ‘He was the overseas researcher who most affected and helped Brazilian college students and researchers with the research of fish in South America.’

Two of the species, Electrophorus electricus and E. voltai, dwell within the highland areas of the Amazon (pictured)

Dr Santana, who has entered a number of rivers to gather electrical eels for analysis functions and been shocked greater than as soon as, mentioned the discharge is excessive voltage however low amperage – round one amp, so it isn’t essentially harmful to people.

As a comparability, a shock from an influence outlet may be 10 or 20 amps however is of a decrease voltage – 240v within the UK. 

However Dr Santana defined that the electrical eel emits not a direct present however an alternating present – in pulses, and its cost is depleted after a powerful shock.

Its electrical organ takes a while to recharge.

However, even so, Dr Santana mentioned an encounter with a mattress of electrical eels within the water may be fairly perilous.

He mentioned the shock is not going to kill a wholesome particular person, however it may be hazardous when you have a weak coronary heart. It might probably additionally contribute to a fall or drowning.

he third species, E. varii, primarily lives in lowland areas in murky rivers with comparatively little oxygen and sandy or muddy bottoms

Dr Santana mentioned: ‘The shock stuns the sufferer. It is sufficiently sturdy to assist the fish seize prey or scare off a predator.’

The analysis performed by the group has proven that electrical eels talk to convene teams that may electrocute a possible risk.

HOW ELECTRIC EELS DELIVER THEIR UNIQUE SHOCKS 

All muscle and nerve cells have electrical potential and a easy contraction of a muscle will launch a small quantity of voltage.

Between 100 and 200 million years in the past, some fish started to amplify that potential.

They developed electrocytes from muscle cells, which have been organised in sequence and able to producing a lot greater voltages.

At present, the electrical eel is able to producing electrical shocks of as much as 600 volts. Regardless of its title, it isn’t carefully associated to true eels.

It has a protracted, scale-free cylindrical physique and a sq. moth on the finish of its snout.

Two organs, referred to as the Hunter’s organ and the Sach’s organ, give the fish its potential to generate electrical discharges.

When the eel spots prey, it opens the ion channels in these organs, reversing the polarity and creating an electrical potential.

This generates an electrical present, which it makes use of to immobilise small prey. The shock, nonetheless, is just not prone to be deadly to people. 

Opposite to what had been beforehand claimed, the eels should not solitary and incessantly affiliate in teams of as much as 10 throughout maturity.

The brand new classification was based mostly on an evaluation of 107 specimens collected in numerous components of the Amazon in Brazil, Surinam, French Guiana and Guyana.

Dr Santana mentioned: ‘Their physique form is very conserved. It has not modified a lot throughout 10 million years of evolution.

‘Only some particulars of their exterior morphology distinguish them, and solely an built-in evaluation of morphology, genetics and ecology was capable of make strong distinctions between the species.’

He added: ‘The invention of latest electrical eel species in Amazonia, one of many planet’s biodiversity hotspots, is suggestive of the huge quantity of species that stay to be found in nature.

‘Moreover, the area is of nice curiosity to different scientific fields, equivalent to drugs and biotechnology, reinforcing the necessity to defend and preserve it, and is necessary for research involving partnerships amongst Brazilian researchers, and between us and teams in different international locations, to discover the area’s biodiversity.’

The species that saved the title E. electricus is current in an space far north of Amazonia recognized to geologists because the Guiana Defend, encompassing the northern areas of three Brazilian states Amapa, Amazonas and Roraima, and Guyana, French Guiana and Suriname.

In the meantime, E. voltai inhabits the Brazilian Defend, which is within the south of Pará and Amazonas, in addition to Rondonia and the north of Mato Grosso. 

Defend areas are fairly elevated, exceeding 300 meters in altitude. 

In distinction, E. varii inhabits the bottom a part of the Amazon Basin, residing in murky rivers with comparatively little oxygen and sandy or muddy bottoms. 

The researchers additionally estimate that the species diverged twice, with the primary time being roughly 7.1 million years in the past, after they separated from their frequent ancestor. 

It was not till roughly three.6 million years in the past, that E. voltai and E. electricus reached their current standing.

There are only some animals on the planet that produce electrical energy. 

They embrace the black ghost knifefish, electrical rays, the northern stargazer and the electrical catfish.